The Impact Of Challenging Behaviour Education Essay

The challenge for pedagogues is non to discredit or decrease the extraordinary attempts but, consistent with IDEA and the research to direct their attempts into transforming ordinary scenes so that they excessively can fit what today is regarded as extraordinary and tomorrow will be regarded as ordinary – ( Soodak et al.,2007 ) The intent of this assignment is to acknowledge the function of â€Å" Challenging Behaviour † , how it affects people when covering with their behavior and how do we assist them get bying with it by seting the theory into pattern. The appraisal of this assignment was structured on 25 hours of observation on a 13 twelvemonth old pupil during school, community and place. This assignment is sectioned into three parts which in the first portion depict what is disputing behaviors and how it affect the individual. The 2nd portion describes the pupil and his interactions with the environment around him. In the 3rd portion, this assignment describes a contemplation of what the perceiver saw during the 25 hours of observation that lead to a support program which will be built on the student`s strengths instead than concentrating on his demands. This will assist the pupil develop resilience and being able to emerge as a extremely functioning grownup.1 ) Challenging Behaviour Terminolog yThe nomenclature â€Å" ambitious behavior † has been used to mention to the â€Å" obstinate † or â€Å" debatable † behaviors which may be exhibited by persons with a learning disablement. There is no exact word to depict disputing behavior. Challenging behavior manifests itself into different types, changing from low to high strength. â€Å" Culturally unnatural behavior of such an strength, frequence or continuance that the physical safety of the individual or others is likely to be placed in serious hazard, or behavior which is likely to earnestly restrict usage of, or consequence in the individual being denied entree to, ordinary community installations † ( Emerson, 1995 ) .1.1 ) The Impact of Challenging BehaviourIn every behavior classified as â€Å" disputing † , there are three features in common, which: hinder the person from larning, developing and wining is harmful to the individual himself and to others puts the person at high hazard for subsequently societal jobs and school failure Persons that fall under the class of Challenging behavior frequently find themselves rejected, disliked and frequently ridiculed by the society. This group of people experience lesion in their self-esteem / assurance, accepting them to be secluded, depressed, and deprived from chances to develop, advancement and pattern societal accomplishments that they highly need. Sometimes pedagogues / society exacerbate the job. The book â€Å" Exceeding Lifes † ( 4th ed pg 133 ) , stated that excessively frequently teachers concentrate on students` shortages instead than their strengths. A concrete illustration is when persons with disputing behaviors are capable to zero tolerance policies such as suspending pupils from schools, handling them like they do non exists or when we order them to travel out of the category. This all go on when first ; the behavior is seen before the person, and 2nd ; the person in non seen as a whole individual. â€Å" Students who experience failure in one c ountry, besides tend to see failure in the other † – ( Jolivette, 2000 ) . Challenging behavior is caused by several factors interacting with each other such as environmental stressors, nerve-racking life status, kid maltreatment and school factors. â€Å" It is hence of import to step in every bit early as possible † ( Slaby, Roedell, Arezzo, and Hendrix, 1995 ) ( Tarbox, 2009 ) ( Bessell, 2001a )1.2 ) Covering with Challenging BehaviourTo better understand when covering with disputing behavior we have to self-question: why do it go on? what intent do they ( people with C.B ) service? how can we take the job off from the individual? What actions do we take to forestall the job from happening once more?1.3 ) Functions of Behaviourâ€Å" The map of a behavior refer to the beginning of environmental support for it † – ( Tarbox et al ; 2009 ) . There are four common maps in behaviour which are: Attention: desire for attending from equals / grownups Escape: flight from individual, undertaking or environment Sensory: the behavior feels good or meets a centripetal demand Tangible: desire for a specific point or activity1.4 ) Determining the Functioning of BehaviourTo turn to disputing behaviour one demand to find its operation. Determining the maps of behavior, one demand to: Interview ( ecological event ) what type of relationship there is between the individual and his environment Direct observation ( the four maps of behavior ) Functional Analysis ( eg: S.T.A.R Model / ABC- Accident Behaviour Consequences ) Functional Hypothesis ( the information that emerges from informations / analysis )2 ) Student ProfileMatthew is a 14 twelvemonth old adolescent. He is tall, robust and energetic. He has brown eyes and short brown hair. Matthew like custodies on activities and in fact his avocations are constructing carnival military personnels and cot, cookery, playing picture games and playing football. His future aspiration is to work in household concern and to get down one of his ain. One of his wants is to complete the secondary school every bit shortly as possible to recognize his dream.2.1 ) Student`s BackgroundMatthew is the eldest sibling. He has a younger brother ( Christopher ) , two old ages younger than him. Christopher attends the same secondary school as Matthew and every twenty-four hours he spends most of the clip at his grandparents` house ( few metres off from his place ) . Matthew`s parents have minimal educational cognition. Matthew`s male parent ( Joseph ) run an agricultural h ousehold concern and spend most of the twenty-four hours working in the Fieldss. Matthew`s female parent return attention of the house and when needed she besides gives her hubby a manus. 2.2 ) Student`s Medical History At the age of three Matthew was diagnosed with leukaemia. This status impaired Matthew from larning due to the fact that he ne'er went to kinder and twelvemonth one. Matthew started go toing on a regular basis to school from twelvemonth two that subsequently on he was besides found diagnosed with larning troubles ( LD ) and at hazard of attending shortage overactive upset ( ADHD ) .2.3 ) Educational arrangementsâ€Å" Childhood leukaemia subsisters may develop non verbal acquisition disablements that affect their authorship and concentration accomplishment † – ( Bessell, 2001a ) Primary schools – When go toing at the local authorities school, Matthew ( Year 2 ) found it really hard with larning. The undermentioned twelvemonth his female parent applied Matthew to be supported by a learning support helper ( Lsa ) . Harmonizing to the Statementing Moderating Panel study, Matthew was found diagnosed with larning troubles along with troubles with attending span, distractibility and impulsivity. ( These together with emotional troubles are farther lending to Matthew`s troubles in accomplishing school ) . The SMP board recommended shared support but shortly turned it into one to one support. Matthew started being supported from Year 3. Matthew repeated that same twelvemonth ( Year 3 ) because his academic public presentation was well below norm. At school Matthew started being bullied ( Year 3 -Year 5 ) . Matthew was unwilling to travel to school and frequently spliting into fits. His female parent had to alter his school because she didn`t find any cooperat ion with the school staff at that clip. Matthew attended his concluding twelvemonth of primary school at another authorities school in another vicinity. Secondary School – Matthew`s psychological study that was done in 2008 stated that he was at hazard of attending shortage overactive upset ( ADHD ) . Matthew has been go toing to this secondary school for the last three old ages, since his passage. At this school he is being supported by Inter-Disciplinary Team.2.4 ) The Inter-Disciplinary TeamInco ( Mr Stephen Spiteri ) Head Master ( Can. Noel Saliba ) School Psychologist / Councilor ( Antonwlla Mizzi ) Lsa ( Ms. Leanne Azzopardi ) Student`s female parent ( Josette ) Student ( Matthew ) Through this squad, at school, Mathew`s academic public presentation is monitored. The Lsa in coaction with the topic instructors adapts the work for Matthew and communicates with Matthew`s female parent. The school psychologist is measuring Matthew every two months to assist him show his feelings. The head-master is the squad spokes-person / go-between. When squad members encounter troubles such as something that is impeding, different sentiments / schemes ; the caput maestro organizes a meeting to discourse these jobs. The student`s female parent helps the squad by giving and suggests utile information to the squad because she knows the most about Matthew. Mathew`s coaction with in the squad is by giving his perspective position so that squad members can accurately turn to his demands. The Inco represent the squad outside the school premises. The purpose of the squad is to see Matthew independent every bit much as possible.2.5 ) Degree of SupportMatthew is supported with a full cli p Lsa ( one to one support ) . He follows the course of study with differentiated acquisition and sometimes requires disengagements during lessons such as PSD and Music.2.6 ) Types of supportAdapted press releases, visuals, head maps, colour cryptography, mold, measure by measure instructions, illustrations, motivating ( easy gets distracted ) , and ICT ( Clicker 5 used in English lessons ; synergistic boards, computing machines for composing notes ) are ever used across all topics. During appraisals ( scrutiny ) Matthew is provided with a reader, prompter and excess clip is allowed.2.7 ) Student`s Level of FunctioningCognitive accomplishmentsAuditory Processing – Matthew has no job with hearing. He hears all right. The trouble is in how the encephalon interprets ( understanding the construct ) . Ocular processing – Levi does non hold any job with sight. Matthew finds trouble to organize and pull strings accurate images in his head ( scheme ) . Memory Skills – This is the country which most impairs Matthew`s acquisition. Matthew is limited to new information ( short term memory ) . He picks up merely spots and pieces of what is being said during a lesson ensuing him in doing sense of merely a small. Processing velocity – This country rely on the Memory accomplishments and there is a displacement depending on the undertaking. As stated antecedently Matthew has all right motor accomplishments and if for illustration he had to construct a cot, he performs good ( and even more rapidly than his equals ) . If he had to read / compose a short paragraph, he finds it really hard because of restrictions in more than one of the basic psychological factors. Logic and Reasoning – Matthew can execute good when categorising and grouping objects. Due to the fact that Matthew`s memory limit the information, the encephalon terminal up to treat wrong information.CommunicationSpeech – Levi does non happen trouble in speech production. He has all right articulation, voice quality and eloquence every bit good as non verbal behaviors such as facial looks, gestures and caput and organic structure motion. Language – When giving / having information in his first linguistic communication ( Maltese ) Matthew does ticket. When he communicates in English Matthew finds it hard to pass on because of deficient vocabulary. He besides use gestures to show himself when speaking in English.Self-help accomplishmentsMatthew is independent in his self-help accomplishments. He has all right eye-hand coordination and finds no trouble in taking attention of himself.SocializationMatthew doesn`t find any trouble in socialising. He is a friendly individual. At school during deferral he normally likes to badger others and being ill-mannered. Matthew does non hold many friends at school. After school he spent most of the clip with his two friends.3 ) Reflection`s Analysis ReportNote: The contemplation is based on what the perceiver ( me ) saw during the 25 hours observation at school, community and place.3.1 ) Environmental factorsSchool FactorsThrough the eight hours observation at school, Matthew`s behavior was triggered by these factors: Learning ( embarrassment and ennui ) Rejection Labelled Contending Cipher have the power to command over the environment and neither Matthew has the power to command his equals, Lsa`s and instructor. Learning ( Embarrassment ) – Due to his past unwellness, cognitively, Matthew is limited to larning. Matthew feels embarrassed when he finds constructs difficult to larn. Sometimes pedagogues trigger the student`s behavior because the more they try to make their work, the more they creates jobs ( see school observation 1 & A ; 8 ) . Then a clip bomb ignites with a concatenation reaction of Matthew`s temperament start escalating, Lsa start to panic because she feels defeated that her instruction was non reached, Matthew acquire worried about his self-image and get down concentrating on his equals instead on his Lsa until he explodes with the first thing he encounters. Learning ( Annoyment ) -This besides depend on how the instructor uses his resources to do the lesson interesting. There is no 1 size fits all for differentiated acquisition. As stated before, Matthew is at hazard of ADHD and if the lesson is non interesting, than the ennui triggers his attending ( see school observation 6 ) . A clear illustration of positive behavior is when lessons stimulate Matthew. In these lessons, his behavior defined as â€Å" disputing † is diminished ( see school observation 3, 4, 5,7 & A ; 13 ) . These two factors have one thing in common. For these behaviors Matthew apply the â€Å" Escape † map. For him escape makes him be in a positive province. Not all behaviors occur so the individual can â€Å" obtain † something ; many behaviors occur because the individual wants to acquire off from something or avoid something wholly ( Miltenberger, 2008 ) ( Miltinberg, 2008 ) ( Cooper, 207 ) Rejection – â€Å" While it might look unusual that a individual would prosecute in a behavior to intentionally hold person scold them it can happen because for some people it ‘s better to obtain â€Å" bad † attending than no attending at all † ( Cooper, Heron & A ; Heward, 2007 ) . Matthew is disliked by most of his equals and he uses inappropriate behaviors to pull attending. Attention is attracted in two ways ; either by cursing ( to affect or demoing that he is tough as show in all in the S.T.A.R theoretical account action column ) or by moving out ( observation 6 & A ; seven ) . Labeling – At school Matthew is labelled. As stated antecedently sometimes instructors are the job and see merely the negative of the individual. ( See observation 11 ) . Negative labels can all excessively easy go self-fulfilling prognostications. They prevent you from seeing the kid ‘s positive qualities. They besides cause you to take down your outlooks of the person. When you can see a kid in a positive visible radiation, it helps him to see himself that manner, and to move more positively. Contending – â€Å" Alternatively they learn to anticipate rejection and may even detect that the best defence is a strong discourtesy and work stoppage out preemptively to protect themselves † – ( Moffitt, 1997 ) At school everybody knows what is Matthew`s failing and unluckily there are pupils that prefer to acquire hit and see Matthew in problem ( see school observation interruptions ) . In the yesteryear he was being bullied, and this still affects him. He uses this behavior to demo that he does non let anyone to of all time mess with him.Community & A ; Home factorsFrom the observations done in the community ( 9hours ) and at place ( 7hours ) , there is noteworthy displacement in Matthew`s behavior between that exhibited at school and that exhibited in the community and at place. In the community Matthew does non seek much attending and he is a different individual from school ( see community observation 1 & A ; 3 ) . The behaviour displacements, because Matthew is non restricted by regulations and there is nil that embarrasses him such as acquisition. ( Wehmeyer, 1996 ) ( Hong, 2007 ) ( Ryan, 1995 ) When Matthew feels restricted, his behavior is triggered. At place sometimes he feels bes ides restricted either because he wants privateness or that when no curse is allowed ( place observation 1 ) .3.2 ) Degree of Self-governmentâ€Å" Self-government refers to â€Å" moving † as the primary insouciant agent in one`s life and doing picks and determinations sing one`s quality of life free from undo external influence or intervention † – ( Wehmeyer, 1996, p.24 ) To be self-determined, one has to be motivated. When there aren`t custodies on activities or stimulated feelings, Matthew loses involvement. To be motivated one has to be self-assured. Being disliked and rejected, Matthew has low self-prides and that why he uses the â€Å" flight † map because ne'er trust himself. A scheme for motive is the execution of picks. During the observations done the picks were rare and in fact, throughout the 25 hours of observation there was merely one pick given ( see school observation 2 ) . Choices aid people get motivated. â€Å" Goal scene is related to leting pupils to do picks, which besides can advance, self-government, independency, socialisation, positive behavior, and better academic public presentation † – ( Hong et al. , 2007 pg 232 ) . The demand for liberty is conceptualized in footings of sing a sense of pick, indorsement, and will with regard to initiating, maintaining, and ending behavioral battle. A If pupils are abl e to believe about their picks and the effects before they act, and take a safe, acceptable behavior, so the optimum result of the disciplinary procedure will hold been achieved. â€Å" To be autonomously motivated involves experiencing a sense of pick and will as a individual to the full endorses his or her ain actions or determinations † ( Ryan 1995 ) . In a nutshell, acquisition is a precedence for Matthew because it is impacting his behavior and besides his self-government. A behaviour support program will be created to assist Matthew place, control and decide inappropriate behaviors ; by being presented differentiated instruction to actuate him. Motivation helps him be self-determined and self finding increase his quality of life.4 ) Behaviour Support program4.1 ) BaselineWhen meeting acquisition that is hard to understand, lessons that do non excite him, relationships that are difficult to manage, he expresses his feelings into disputing behavior utilizing the â€Å" flight map † . This map leads him to lose the control of his behavior by ; deteriorating his relationship with his equals and instructors, restrict Matthew from larning and affects his self-pride.4.2 ) Long Term GoalMatthew will be able learn by commanding his behavior ( choler, defeat, embarrassment and ennui ) .4.3 ) Short-term Goals4.31 ) Lsa & A ; Teacher Lsa & A ; instructors will function to pattern mature problem-solving, non fall backing to the same inappropriate behavior ( e.g: maintaining composures, Lsa communicates / talk in a low voice that merely Matthew can understand and non be heard by remainder of the category to forestall Matthew from being embarrassed and accidentally put the pupil under the limelight ; make non take the affairs personally [ panic or agitation ] and think of themselves ( pedagogues ) as fire combatants ) . Lsa & A ; teacher will pull an image in the student`s head that s/he is non merely making the occupation merely to acquire paid but because s/he truly care ( indirectly inquiring the pupil for the chance to see you ( Lsa & A ; teacher ) as a individual he can swear. Lsa will be prepared if the pupil fails the teacher`s illustration ( Plan B ) . Plan B consist of: Lsa will move â€Å" cool † like nil happened and still see the strength in the pupil that he can win. Lsa will get down inquiring unfastened inquiries to see what the pupil had understood. Lsa will associate the subject to the student`s avocations / life experiences by doing it more interesting instead than doing him flight ( e.g. associating Maths in mundane life state of affairs, associating English as if the pupil has to fall in love with a English adult female.Teaching schemes that motivates larningTeachers in coaction with Lsa will: Plan and portion resources to supply interesting lesson ( UDL for larning ) that stimulate â€Å" every † pupil to include everyone. Design equal coaction such as activities that involvement and prove their cognition. ( Groups consist of 5 members. Matthew`s group has to be ever arranged in a ratio of 3:1 – 3 friends and 1 equal that dislike Matthew. The negative equal ever alterations throughout the twelvemonth. This helps Matthew to go on solid his relationship with his friends and bettering his relationship with equals that dislike him. Therefore there is no demand to seek attending. Help â€Å" all † pupils change their position of cardinal to success / failure from an outside factor ( hard degree of the undertaking ) to an internal factor ( attempt, ability ) Offer picks ( in instructional scenes ) wages pupils for achieving â€Å" personal best † ends ( free clip ) Give immediate feedback.5 ) DecisionWith the execution of the Behavioral Support program will assist Matthew will cut down the dispositions to the point of extinguishing them ( practising ) and interchanging them with positive behavior. Peer coaction will assist Matthew do more friends in a positive manner and there is no demand to seek attending with inappropriate behaviors. With this scheme he will larn that regard is gained by positive behavior. Choices will assist Matthew experience included and in control. It helps his self-pride and besides his development. He learns to do determinations scenes where he has some control. This aid him to larn accepting state of affairss where there is no picks to separate. He will larn to use this construct by get downing from school and go oning throughout the community. Wagess will actuate Matthew to larn and do him desire to make the undertaking once more. The more Matthew will be rewarded, the more will assist him develop relationships, addi tion appropriate interactions and polish his bing accomplishments. This will assist him to develop resilience and increase his quality of life. â€Å" Ignoring the behavior on its ain is non traveling to assist ; the kid will presume they are winning or acquiring off with the behavior. Ignoring it and praising the good behavior will state the kid which behavior is appropriate † – Eileen GeigerMentions

Paying Attention to Foreign Affairs: How Public Opinion Affects Presidential Decision Making Essay

              The foreign policy of United States has been altered since the era of George Washington. Even though Americans pay consideration to counsel of their respected founder, this is not enough because the world is different. Many people who have shaped the American foreign policy currently, admit the fact that membership to the world community makes United States not to ignore the significance of getting along. One of way in which public influence has or can influence foreign policy is through political leadership, this means that those politicians lead the American public to embrace certain issues. Research have shown that most Americans are ill formed and uncertain on foreign affairs because it is thought that leaders generally disregarded mass inclinations when making their foreign policy choices. Another way is through political responsiveness whereby normal politicians set aside their own principles and obediently follows the public opinion (Knecht and Thomas, 2010). Recent research shown that American public both holds foreign policy opinions and cares about foreign affairs that are normal and constant.                For any society that decides to terminate the period of discrimination, it must face the alike ethical dilemma. For instance, if everybody is given the right not to be discriminated against race, there is high probability of helping those victims who undergone past discrimination and the racial inclination is lost. Moreover if those members of the earlier omitted groups are preferred on basis of race then there is denial of right to prevent racial discrimination among other people. In my opinion generating a program is the best idea since it will assist much those victims who had suffered such unethical treatment of racial discrimination in past instead of applying racial preference. This program will fulfil the racial non-discrimination rule because the basis for help would be individual hurt and not racial identity. However, it will only assist a portion of those who are now benefiting from race-based confirmatory act (Higginbotham, 2013).               Due to frequent exhibitions of racial discrimination, it is evident that in some areas of the world and by governmental strategies centered on hatred or racial superiority, for example the apartheid, racial segregation is an ideal issue in any human society. However, the issue of affirmative action was suggested during reconstruction period which led to U.S civil war. When the battle ended, those groups of people who were in the southern region owned nothing and had inadequate skills which could help them to earn a living. The groups appealed for equal rights and wanted opportunity in the public grounds of employment and education to be equal. In various ways, they succeeded and as affirmative action developed, however, it portrayed rise of criticism from whites and men who viewed it as an â€Å"opposite segregation†. The debate over affirmative action has rotated around a collection of highly charged words, which sometimes complicates, instead of enlig htening the discussion. Therefore it is significant to note that affirmative action play as a control where discrimination has been found to exist or approved. Goals serve as one measure of non-discrimination and of the efficiency of affirmation achievement efforts, not as a directive for female employment or minority (Raza et. Al, 1999).               The implications of international economic policy on foreign policymaking has become more difficult in the period of globalization since the number of players that require to be engaged along has increased. Referring from the traditional foreign policy, only few number of governments could deal with each other on moderately number of issues in accordance to the established terms and conditions. Currently, however, that cannot apply for national interests to be considered. There is now, in accumulation to rising number of countries, an innumerable of fresh players which want to be considered as awn domestic addressees as well as the domestic addressees of the countries wants powerful economic units (Burns, 2010). References Burns, R N, Jonathon Price, Jr J. S. Nye, and Brent Scowcroft. The Global Economic Crisis: And Potential Implications for Foreign Policy and National Security. Aspen Institute, The, 2010. Print. Higginbotham, F M. Ghosts of Jim Crow: Ending Racism in Post-Racial America. , 2013. Print. Raza, M A, A J. Anderson, and Harry G. Custred. The Ups and Downs of Affirmative Action Preferences. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1999. Print. Knecht, Thomas. Paying Attention to Foreign Affairs: How Public Opinion Affects Presidential Decision Making. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010. Print. Source document

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Follow the instruction in the details, i will attach the article that you are discussing - Assignment Example The reference chosen was: Doriott, C. (2000). Genetic Codes Unraveled: New Clues to Human History. Ancestry, 18(1), 15 – 21(Stix, 2008). The information presented in the article is very contradicting. The reason for this is because; the various biological concepts written on human ancestry discuss the process of evolution from a common ancestor. They do not mention any the point on â€Å"Mitochondrial Eve,† (Stix, 2008). This article increased knowledge about DNA in the mentioning of genetic prospecting which involves researching deeper into the human DNA to find more about their origin. The processes involved including gene slicing. It also aided in understanding of single neucliotide polymorphsisms. The article stated that they help in evaluating the identities of individual populations (Stix, 2008). The most interesting thing in the article was on the dueling theories that states humans migrated from Africa 50 to 60,000 years ago. This beats the understanding of civilization, the age of the universe and theories that try to explain the origin of man, such as that of evolution by Charles Darwin (Stix,

Fuel Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fuel - Case Study Example Hydrogen flows into the anode while oxygen flows into the cathode. The catalyst splits the oxygen into two negative atoms: the two opposite elements (hydrogen and oxygen) attract and pair and the end products of this chemical reaction are water, heat and electricity (Caitlyn 43) Amory Lovins opines that many of the objections against the use of hydrogen are either myths or can be overcome. He believes that hydrogen has a place in the modern world because those objections are based on ill-formed commentaries (Sadoway 56). Its advantages include; The proponents’ views are the most persuasive because there is a lot yet to be discovered about this fuel because it is relatively new. It is a clean energy initiative because the fact that it doesn’t produce harmful emissions makes it environmental friendly. These benefits of hydrogen economy will help us move towards a more sustainable energy economy (Amory 56). In the modern society, there is a place for hydrogen. The fact that this fuel is nontoxic makes it a rare source of energy because other hazardous sources can’t compete against it. Both it’s by products are environment friendly. Its energy is powerful enough to be very efficient compared to other sources and water is used in spaceships. Lastly, it is not a super clean and affordable fuel we expect it to be, but with time it will change because it is relatively new at the

Rehabilitation and Treatment of Methamphetamine Addiction Essay

Rehabilitation and Treatment of Methamphetamine Addiction - Essay Example Most of those who are affected are the poor because the drug is much cheaper and the effects last longer than those of cocaine. Cruickshank and Dyer (2009) explain that the chemicals used in making the drug have toxic waste that is quite explosive. The toxins that remain behind after cooking methamphetamine are also risky to those who stay in the neighborhood where methamphetamine laboratories previously existed. For total cleanliness of such laboratories, there should be complete overhaul of the structure with absorbent materials like carpets being destroyed together with sinks, drains and toilets and after the new structures have been fitted, thorough inspection should be carried out by a qualified health worker. The rehabilitation and treatment of the addicts is dependent on the attitude of the health workers. This is also affected by the existence of myths surrounding the treatment of addicts. Some beliefs state that whether addicts seek treatment or not, they still continue usin g the drug. This however improves with the health workers realizing that the treatment involves doing away with the involuntary desire to continue using the drug. The treatment process requires referrals for psychiatric treatment. When there is commitment on the part of the addict and the health care provider, addiction of methamphetamine is treatable. Assessment and management of withdrawal symptoms is important in the recovery process. The objective of the study is to determine whether emergency health departments address issues related to health including drug abuse. Also it determines whether health centers in Kansas have policies put in place to provide care and treatment to addicts.... addition to the availability of formal protocols. Proper application of the above provisions will reduce the health, financial and environmental effects of the drug. The findings of the study help in making the public aware of the fact that the location of a hospital does not influence acquisition of quality health care unless the facility is equipped with adequate facilities. Those practicing nursing should also know that the process of taking good care of addicts is fundamental in their recovery and that the notion of addiction being a voluntary decision is largely misguided. They should also formulate and implement policies consistently for effective treatment so as to avoid the destructive effects of addiction.The study is however limited because of the use of telephones for interviews. Therefore, there is no surety that the person answering the call is the best representative of the emergency department of the specific health facility. The sample size is small and may fail in so me respects adequately represent the population.

Petroleum Economic and Oil field management 2013-2014 Essay

Petroleum Economic and Oil field management 2013-2014 - Essay Example Secondly, the natural gas industry requires a firm that has financial muscle to produce the natural gas because it is an expensive venture. Such a firm will have excessive power to dominate control, and regulation initiatives even from governments especially if it is a multinational company. The natural gas industry mainly operates through pipeline transportation and distribution aspects, which are naturally monopolistic because they are characterized by high fixed costs and long lead time making duplication uneconomical. This creates a wide barrier to entry for potential participants and competitors. They also require price and non-price regulation. Without effective regulation, the natural gas industry can develop into a natural monopoly. In fact, price regulations sometimes fail to control the prices because such prices depend on various factors such as production costs, inflation and transportation costs among others (DiLorenzo, 1996:45). In situations where governments run the natural gas industry, the industry turns to state monopoly such as in Mexico. The Mexican government introduced a program of reform in 1988. However, it was until 1995 that reform in natural gas industry began to include private companies. However, before this, state owned firms controlled the industry making it a monopoly. In fact, even after the entrance of private firms state owned firms still ruled the market making it a state monopoly (Joskow, 2007:1227). Q1 represents entire size of the market. Point E1 is the equilibrium that cooresponds to quantity at Q1 and determines the price at P1. Thus, when there is one firm only producing natural gas, the marginal cost of supply is P1 and is lower than the duopoly price P2. Thus, the presence of one firm in the market will be price efficient compared to two firms. If the natural gas industry

Principles of logistics and supply chain management Assignment

Principles of logistics and supply chain management - Assignment Example Supply-chain management deals with regulating the relationships of the business with the stakeholders in order to enhance the quality of services at affordable prices throughout the supply chain. Effective logistics is the core requirement in the enhance customer satisfaction in the supply-chain process. The business should have a detailed coordination of complex operations that involve facilities, suppliers, and organizational publics. Understanding the background of the business environment is necessary as an initial process of principles of logistics and supply chain. The findings from the case study analysis help the concerned stakeholders to create proper recommendations and conclusions for future running of the business. This paper will focus on Kellogg’s, a national distribution center in the Pacific Asia region to analyze the business situation. Analysis of the business and key findings from the case study will help in answering the case study questions. Introduction A ccording to Murphy and Wood (2011, p.20), logistics is one of the primary requirements of a country’s economic growth. Logistics creates utility to goods and services, and in the process, it helps to satisfy human wants. Utility is the ability of a commodity to satisfy a given need or want. Murphy and Wood (2011) further identified four types of utility, which are possession utility, form utility, place utility, and time utility. These four types of utility must be organized to interact in the supply-chain process in order to create usefulness of commodities. Logistics activities add value goods and services, especially through time and place utilities. This makes warehousing an essential part of the logistics system, although warehousing is rapidly being replaced distribution centers. Supply chain comprises of people, resources, activities, and organizations involved in moving a product or service from the supplier to the customer. The management of a business strategically places the supply-chain elements in such a way that they can effectively transform raw materials, natural resources, and components into ready-to-consume products (Bowersox, Mentzer & Speh, 2008, p. 88). Supply-chain management is defined as the process of regulating, directing, and coordinating the stakeholders along the distribution channel to ensure effectiveness and efficiency in the transactions. Principles of supply-chain management include product differentiation, customization of logistics, proper market planning, product differentiation, strategic sourcing, adoption of a supply chain based on wide technology strategy and development of channel-spanning performance measures. The modern business arena is characterized by cutthroat competition where only organized and effective supply chain managers will survive. Proper management of supply chains requires businesses to adopt strategic processes such as agility, adaptability, and alignment in their distribution channels. Backg round and Business Environment The business environment has undergone massive transformations in the 21st century. The current market is not the same as the blacksmiths’ or artisans that thrived in the early 2oth century (Woolven, 2001, p.44). Barter trade existed during the commodity economy because there was any other way traders could have exchanged value for goods. There were not strict supply chains since traders knew where to meet and make transactions. The markets have grown and have become more diversified than

Nerds Essay Example for Free

Nerds Essay America Needs its Nerds In the passage from America Needs Its Nerds, author Leonid Fridman dissect his argument by comparing and contrasting Americas on-going social beliefs and perceptions of the geek and the actual positive role taken on by the nerd and why the role that they play is so vital to our society. Since we live in an anti- intellectualist society, nerds are ostracized while athletes are idolized. And this all starts from elementary or middle school. We rarely have a child who will grow up to be the next Albert Einstein, but have many children in schools who will be Kobe Bryant or Ronnie Brown. This is because some children in schools prefer playing sports rather than studying at home. They prefer staying outside and have fun with friends rather than stay home watching Lord of the Rings or Star Wars. In short, they prefer being socially active. But nerds and geeks are completely opposite; they prefer working on homework rather than playing sports. They prefer being alone and not getting involved in any social activity. And this kind of behavior is the main reason why nerds and geeks are most commonly known as social outcasts or abnormal. Just because nerds or geeks dont get wasted or party hard, that doesnt mean they shouldnt be accepted in the society. They are people like us, Just with high intelligence. Sports are not bad professions to approach towards, but you dont learn anything besides making touchdowns or three pointers. But for the people who dont want sports to be their profession, their goal is to make touchdown and three pointers in their life by ontributing to America. As a result of people teasing nerds and geeks, many nerds and geeks are ashamed of themselves. Due to this, they become very upset with their life. Even parents are sometimes ashamed of their children, if they study too hard and not hang out with their friends. They expect their daughter to go to dancing class and not stay home studying mathematics all the time. They expect their son to go play baseball and not spend most of his time studying. These expectations are not ust from one family, but its scattering across the United States. The solution to this problem is to fght the anti-intellectual values that pervade our society. Since America is an anti-intellectualist nation, athletes are idolized more than professors. But in other countries like East Asia, professors are treated as Gurus. They are the ones who are idolized. In fact they are set up as an example rather than put down or teased. In short, nerds and geeks are looked up to and supported so that their country can improve.

Issues in development theory

Issues in development theory Issues In Development Theory The only kind of development that matters is economic growth everything else will follow. ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT THEORY INTRODUCTION This paper reviews some ideas surrounding the complex but contested concept of development, including those relating to economic growth. A distinction between development and economic growth models was attempted to expose ideas from these models and my own perception about models. In analysing, contemporary issues on development and growth of any nation, it can be looked at from various perspectives ranging from policy failures and / or implementation failures or resources inadequacy and / or sub optimality in the allocation of resources.   In fact, problems emanating out of domestic market failure and / or government failure are always manifested in increased levels of unemployment inflection and poverty. The concepts of development in general and economic development have often been treated as synonymous concepts. However, the theory of economic development of a country may be associated with (amongst other things) rising incomes and related increases in consumption savings and investment. (Berkeley Hill, 2006) From my own point of view, there is far more to economic development than growth in incomes.   It is therefore suffice to say that if income distribution is highly skewed, growth may not be accompanied by much progress towards the goals that are usually associated with economic development.   Development is also traced to the economic causes of continued poverty and under-development of various nations which actually indicates level of employment and standard of living in a particular nation (IFPRI 2009).   In essence, increasing the output or the gross national income of any nation should automatically lead to increase in social welfare, happiness and longevity due to i ncrease in total production and consumption. The contemporary any issues are not recent issues but issues that have emanated since the inception of development economic while others crept in with temper of time. A lot of contemporary issues relating to development economics have been in existence for so long.   Some of the issues relating to development are indeed as old as human civilisation! HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT This paper proposes that the meaning of development is contentious because of how it has been defined and viewed over time. Since the end of Second World War, when both existing and post war obstacles like underdevelopment, leadership problem, lack of cooperation or coordinating Bodies like UN in the world, underutilization of   available resources. According to Nayyar 2003, since the end of Second World War, more attentions had been paid to underdevelopment; mainstream development theory was largely the ambit of economists. Due to this, much of early development discourse, centered on economic theories and models, which emphasised and aimed to achieve production and resource allocation efficiency. The primary aim of the theories was to enhance productivity, effective resources allocation and improve standard of living. It is mostly believe rapid economic growth will improve the standard of living of people who participated in it through the trickle down effect. These theories were heavily criticised when there were no signs of economic growth and development which led to development of alternative approach. The alternative approaches supplemented the existing theories in promoting equitable and sustainable economic growth with enhance standard of living. However, as a result of previously developed theories, this paper will select, describe and further analyse a few of the theories to illustrate their different perspectives of economic development. Basis of controversy will be analysed and finally gradual steps of mainstream development thinking and practice will be shown with the enlargement of development agenda, making the meaning of development less contentious than its has been in the past. During the 1950s and 1960s, development theories like Rostows and Harrod Domars growth models, postulated development as series of stages that a country will naturally pass through (Todaro and Smith, 2006), (Gore, 1999). These stages are invariably noted in European countries and other developed countries but seemed not yet taken place in Africa countries because there were no notable signs of economic developments. According to Thirlwal 2003 they only required meeting the right conditions such as saving and investment levels to move from one stage to another. These theories believe for there to be economic development there must be massive capital investment and definitely economic growth would automatically follow failing to take cognizance of other factors like good planning, even distribution of income, corruption free environment, effective budget implementations and review. They only required meeting the right conditions such as saving and investment levels to move from one stage to another (Thirlwal, 2003). They argued that many developing countries were in same situation that developed countries had been in before they developed. It should be noted that most of these developed countries had no reference point or direct guidance like economic theories on how best to develop then while all these theories, models and planning tools are available at the disposal of developing countries to develop now they still find it difficult if not impossible to develop. This means there are other silent techniques, information or management theories that are directly involved in economic developments. Around the same period from 1960 to 1970 development meant modernisation through the structural transformation of an economy as in Lewis model (Thirlwal, 2003),(Stiglitz, 2001). This is true in actual fact because they i.e Thirlwal and Stiglitz based their studies and assumptions of developed countries having undergone series of economic growth stages supported by adequate government policies and strategies which increase the standard of living positively. Simultaneously, there were some structural transformations of economic in underdeveloping countries like Nigeria that did not bring on economic developments. For instance, Operation Feed The Nation introduced by General Obasanjo did not actually improved the standard of living and there were no signs of economic development because of other factors like lack of amenities, management and leadership problem, Inconsistency in government policies and strategies, Political Instability.    This model and others like it described development as the transformation of a typically rural subsistence economy to a more modern urbanised industrial one (Todaro and Smith, 2006). Advanced economies consistently ensure economic stability, economic growth and increase in per capital income to ensure there is economic development. This transformation was done by more efficient resource utilisation which led to improvements in productivity and economic growth. It was also implicitly assumed that economic growth due increased productivity would result in increased earnings for firms, and workers, which would eventually lead to improvement of human welfare (Elliott, 2002), (Todaro and Smith, 2006). Most of these theories assumed that there is direct relationship between economic growth, efficient resources allocation and production efficiency. They argued that before economic development could be achieved, there must be increased savings and investments, domestic and international factors like inflations, exchange rate, interest rate, unemployment level must be effectively considered and factors into policies and strategies. They believed that if these constraints were removed, developing countries could grow at an even faster rate than the industrialised nations (Todaro and Smith, 2006). From critical angles, it is believed that most of the developing countries problem are from developed countries through bad debt management system, lack of adequate knowledge in financial market and instruments, balance of trade, insincerity of the political leaders and some other indices. During the 1970s Dependency theories emerged which expressed discontent with previous development models (Desai and Potter, 2002). This theory i.e dependency theory studied relationship between industrial economies and developing economies. It showed the business and non business interaction between the developed and developing countries. Contributions and impacts of both economies were analyzed to identify loopholes and provide further studies for future reference of the economic developments. These models, it was argued, had a narrow meaning of development and only served to further uplift the already well off and suppress the poor (Leys, 1996), (Thirlwal, 2003).   This theory complements the existing theories that economic development is a function of economic growth and improved standard of living. While many of their principles were essentially structuralist in nature (Hettne, 2002) and acknowledged that economic growth was necessary for development, they had no faith in relyi ng solely on market forces and the trickle down effect as a mechanism for facilitating development. They argued that the trickle down effect often failed to materialise and the privates sector could not, due to its profit motive, promote equitable income distribution, provide essential goods and services to poorer sections of society and remote areas at affordable prices (Gore, 1999), (Todaro and Smith, 2006). They assumed the government role is prominent and can only supplement if needed. But their assumption was wrong because most of the countries that adopted the thoughts failed and there were no much development in the countries. This is because government policies and strategies were not properly supported to ensure even distribution of income due to profit maximization objective of private firms. Some of the developing countries especially Africans developmental plan failed due high level of corruption, lack of financial planning and review, lack of institutional capacity, pol itical and economic instability and uneven distribution of incomes. In addition because their views were drawn from Marxist ideology many of their views were attacked and discredited by influential western critics. Its influence was further eroded by the collapse of the Soviet Union (Leys, 1996),(Shuurman, 2002). This thought were criticised by many theorist and western critics, who believe both government and private firms should balance the economic development goals. In the 1980s the neoclassical counterrevolutionaries or neo liberals like earlier classical theorists advocated that development was caused by economic growth which could be achieved through applying supply side macroeconomic policies, rational expectations theories and privatisation of public corporations, freer trade, export expansion, removal of state planning and regulation of economic activities (Desai and Potter, 2002), (Todaro and Smith, 2006). They are of opinion that market is determined by the interaction of demand and supply of goods and services while at times government policies and strategies could negatively affect economic developments. In support of their arguments, countries like Mexico, Taiwan, Singapore South Korea and several other Asian countries were given as examples of free market success stories (Gore, 1999). Unfortunately, the East Asian crisis led to questions being asked about the soundness allowing free market polices drive the economy while the state i nterfered little (Chang, 2003), (Desai and Potter, 2002). However, surprisingly, the actual contributions of the free market and government to Asian Tigers success and crash   is also a controversial issue (Onis and Senses, 2005), (Adelman, 2001). The theories are of opinions that government influence on market should be little while the interaction of demand and supply of determine price and market with government monitoring through budgets and financial instruments like treasury bills, treasury certificate, bonds etc. Since the late 1980s neo -liberalism, just like earlier classical theories, has been criticised for its overemphasis on economic growth as the key to development (Onis and Senses, 2005). They argued that much emphasis was placed on economic growth as the key component of economic development. They believed there are other components that must be present before economic development could be proclaimed. Furthermore, despite the initial success of a few East Asian countries, many countries which had implemented recommendations advocated by the major proponents of neo liberalism , the IMF and the World Bank (Gore, 1999) , did not record much or robust improvement and in some cases became poorer (White, 2002), (Leys, 1996), (Thirlwal, 2003). They argued that if the necessary components of economics developments other than economic growth are available poverty would be reduced and standard of living will improve especially those in developing countries. DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Some theories were developed in 1990s, proposed some approaches to development e.g Sens capability approach, UNDPs sustainable human development approach. These theories are of opinion that any economic development or whatsoever depends on human capital/resources of a nation. According to Allen 2000, It is believed that economic policies or strategies should be people centred as opposed to the growth centred Sen 1999 also argued development means an individual is able to obtain physical necessities, have a job, participate in government, belong to a nation that is truly independent, have adequate education, be treated as an equal, meet their needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations, and be free from social dislocation, violence and war, poverty, tyranny, poor economic opportunities, systematic social deprivation through neglect of public facilities and intolerance or over activity of a repressive state. This school of thought believe if human beings or citizens of a nation are well developed and catered for definitely the economy will be growing and automatically lead to economic development. It also means there cannot be anything refers to a country or nation without its citizens and all economic activities and operations of the country is carried out by nobody except those that have been adequately and properly developed. Despite these criticisms, UNDPs approach did not entirely discredit the Washington Consensus agreeing with and reinforcing its economic growth centred development and macro level policy reform recommendations (Gore, 1999). This therefore means that for an economy to develop, there must be economic growth, good human resources/capital and improved standard of living. The Washington consensus was challenged by Southern Consensus in 1990s. Gore explains that like earlier dependence school theorists they argued that previous theories based on market and production efficiency and effectiveness fundamentals could not be used as a standard model that every developing country must follow. This then followed argument that theories that market and production efficiency and effectiveness should not be used as standard yardstick for all developing countries. They didnt disregard all the recommendations of classical theorist that placed emphasis that economic growth is the core component of economic development but argued that intensive capital savings and accumulations supported by favourable balance of trade/payment, standard of living and efficient utilisation of resources were necessary to ensure rapid economic development. They also are of opinion that active utilisation of opportunities provided by international trade/relationship like foreign aids/grants, exports and importation, foreign investments, innovations  Ã‚   should be considered in both macro and micro economic policies and strategies. Another theory of economic development that share the same view with the Sens capability Approach and UNDPs Sustainable Human Development approach is the Alternative Development Approach. Alternative Approach supports people and participatory centred practices and redefining the objectives of development. It has some similarities with the classical approaches to development. It was developed after due consideration to the criticisms of previous development approaches. Alternative development can be considered as a combination of the criticisms of previous development approaches (Pieterse, 2001). Due to its inclusive nature, it was argued that it did not present any new perspective to meaning or definitions of economic development. Alternative Approach basically selected useful recommendations/thoughts from different approaches to develop its theory/thought. He and Kothari and Minogue (2002) further argued that the distinction between alternative development and mainstream development theories varies with time as mainstream development thinking integrates many of the principles of theories which have criticised it. This then supports the earlier argument of Pieterse 2001 that Alternative approach use combination of criticisms of previous development approaches. Neo liberation adopted many concepts and assumptions of Washington Consensus policy despite its earlier criticisms of the policy. The final product , as some had proposed and predicted, was a form of post Washington consensus with a broader development agenda (Stiglitz, 2001) (Gore, 1999), (Onis and Senses, 2005). The neo-liberation worked extensively on recommendations of Washington Consensus in developing its own theories. This new version is evident in current IMF and World Bank development assistance packages which emphasise integration of previous top down and bottom up approaches as is evident in the formulation processes of country poverty reduction strategy papers which are a prerequisite to obtain assistance from them (Wolfensohn and Fischer, 2000).   Because of its advance work and recommendations on Washington Consensus Policy, IMF and World Bank used its recommendations in formulating policies in granting assistances to countries that need financial aids. In the early 1990s another developmental theories came on board called Right Based Approach to Development. Musembi and Cornwall explained that its origins are that many struggle for the realisation of all sorts of rights that have been taking place ever since the advent of colonialism, such as countries likes Kenya, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe. This occurred basically when these countries believed the welfare of the countries and their citizens could be better when given freedom. They believed that economic development would be faster than when managed by colonial masters.   This approach is basically to integrate human right with economic development. The United Nations has been advocating that human right and freedom is the key to economic development for the past four decades. Just recent it has emerged that sustainable human development and human right approach are core components of economic development for any nation. The Right Based Approach did not present totally new idea/thought just like Alternative Development Approach to economic development but mere advanced recommendations on previous theories with adequate considerations to current economic issues.   However, what is striking about it is that it attempts to introduce a sense of collective responsibility and precise obligations on the international community to create a conducive environment for the realisation of the rights to development (OHCHR, 1986).   The Right Based approach to Development only makes recommendations to ensure freedom to all countries and grants fundamental human right to everybody believing if this is done economic growths, enhanced standard of livings, even distribution of incomes that would speed up economic development would be easily realized. Of late Neo liberal ideals have culminated in the form of globalisation (integration into the world economy) (Hettne, 2002) advocating that it is not only a means of ensuring efficiency and equity but growth and development of the world economy (Chang, 2003).   It was argued that there are hidden benefits and advantages that would accrue if the concept of globalization was embraced particularly by underdeveloped countries.   Benefits like latest technology and innovations, information, financial exchanges, flows of goods and services, openness, direct investments, international trade, ideas and opinions will move from one country to another with different knowledge, experience, resources and technical know-how which will ultimately lead to development. The fundamental belief is that it will increase prosperity for those join the system and marginalise those who do not (Gore, 1999). This concept was developed in 1970s but recently been promoted more by the advanced countries afte r fall of communism.   However, despite the claims that it is a driver of development it has generated uneven results with some countries prospering and other becoming more impoverished (Watkins and others, 2005). This is because there are some silent variables that have direct influence on all economic development variables like available resources to back policies, corruptions with the system, economic and political stability, consistency in leadership and management programme. This is one of the reasons why one policies or approach will work like a magic in one country and will fail woefully in another country. For Instance, most of these approaches work in advanced economies but otherwise in developing countries like Nigeria, Ghana where economic and political are not stable, corruptions is on high side, planning and implementations are not in place talk less of constant review and adjustments. According to Kothan and Minogue, 2002 one reason why the development theories mentioned above and others like them disagreed on development is due to failure to agree on what the objectives of development are. This means there are lots of arguments of what could be regarded as economic developments. There are numerous types of objectives that may be set as the purpose of development explicitly or otherwise (Potter, 2002).   That is why what many people see as development many only be regarded as just growth by others. It is claimed that objective may be political, economic or social, the most important is what the country/nation set to achieve. For instance classical theories promoted the concept of development as economic growth by modernisation, changing from old to newer more efficient and effective ways of resources use and allocation, and production (Stiglitz, 2001). Meanwhile, more egalitarian objectives are set out to be achieved by others like people centred approaches, dep endence theorists. They argued that those who were unable to participate in the structural transformation processes were often marginalised, remained poor or became poorer because they did not have the required skills, knowledge or financial resources (Todaro and Smith, 2006). That is they encouraged citizens to be empowered and trained because they are whatever the country achieved. They argued that they are the real economic development driver. Steps in economic developments and associated changes are also causing disagreements. While linear stage theorists argued that Development is a process which countries, regions or societies go through either naturally or deliberately (Todaro and Smith, 2006) , others rejected the notion of having a blue print and time frame for development that is applicable to all countries (Gore 1999), (Adelman, 2001). They argued that different countries are in different stages and situation and therefore required different attentions. The factors like economic, political, cultural, social, technological of one country differs from other, have effects on its economic development policies and strategies and must be monitored accurately to achieve economic development.   This then embraces call for a bottom up rather than a top bottom theory. Development may be universally accepted as improvement in well being but the there can be no prescription of what this well being entails (Pieterse, 2001), ( Nayyar, 2003), (Sen, 1999), (Stiglitz, 2001), (Gore, 1999). And they also argued that economic growth resulted from natural resources is no substitutes for features like corrupt free environment, justice and equity treatment and stable economic environment. Classical and neoclassical theorists believed the core basis of economic development is gross domestic product per capital. The interpretation of economic growth as meaning development and the use of changes in gross domestic product per capita, by the classical and neoclassical theorists,   has also been criticised for its unsuitability   as a measure of development (Thirlwal, 2002).   They are criticised because they believe there are other parameters in measuring economic development. They further argued that increases in material wealth or total productions is only what economic growth deals with but failed to consider others like income distributions, composition of goods and services and general standard of livings. Furthermore, it has been noted that the rewards of improved productivity and economic efficiency accrue largely to owners of capital and the majority of the population are left only slightly better off (Pieterse, 2001).   They argued that components of econo mic development include economic growth, even distribution of income and standard of livings. Roles play by government of countries in economic developments is largely influenced by international factors. Conflict also may arise because governments have to contend with the decline in their sovereignty over their countrys development (Thomas and Allen, 2000). Government has to make efficient and effective utilization of resources available while also considering the influence of international communities and bodies. Development is now being influenced to a large extent by international finance, official development agencies, non governmental agencies, and community based organisations (Khor, 2003), (Kothari and Minogue, 2002).   The effect of international factors on economic developments of every nation is very important most especially developing countries that rely mostly on international loans and grants to supplement their revenues.   According to Desai and Potter, 2002 government now merely provide a conducive atmosphere in which these international agencies can prom ote development. This has been on increase in recent times whereby government make provisions for international agencies aids and grants in the annual budget basically for capital projects that stimulate economic developments. Conflict also may arise because governments have to contend with the decline in their sovereignty over their countrys development (Thomas and Allen, 2000). Development is now being influenced to a large extent by international finance, official development agencies, non governmental agencies, and community based organisations (Khor, 2003), (Kothari and Minogue, 2002).   Governments now merely provide a conducive atmosphere in which these agencies can promote development (Desai and Potter, 2002).   This has naturally given rise to sources of resentment, since governments are sometimes sidelined. Suspicions also arise concerning who is meant to benefit from aid and loan conditions, which recommend macro and micro level policy reforms. Misunderstandings often arise about whose development is being sought. For instance it has been argued that donors often provide assistance to further their own interests (Kothari and Minogue, 2002). They formulate loan conditions and support developm ent projects with the aim of improving their own industries profitability by providing business through establishing new markets, investment opportunities, and   tied aid (Desai and Potter, 2002), (Thomas and Allen, 2000) or access to cheap raw materials as during the colonial era (Leys, 1996), (Thirlwal, 2003), (Pieterse, 2001). Assistance provided in this manner may not benefit the recipient country in the long run since most of the aid will be repatriated in the case of tied aid. Some have even argued that despite the large amounts of aid provided to developing countries very few of them have actually developed much because much of it was not intended for development   (Thomas and Allen, 2000).   This means that for foreign loan or aids to achieve its developmental objectives, governments must channel them to appropriate sector of economy and ensure good and effective management of the resources. The promotion of economic growth and drive towards globalised world has also met with resistance due to the replacement of old way of life with new ones (OConnor, 2002). This issue is really retarding economic development because some people find it extremely very difficult to adapt to changes. Some in developing countries has expressed concern and their discontent with   foreign influences which have invaded their ways of life, stressing that development does not necessarily have be accompanied with disposal of even the good cultural values that previously existed (Athreya, 2002), (Varley, 2002), (OToole and Macgarvey, 2003). It is argued that that is direct relationship between economic development and ways of life. Some of the fundamental cultures of developed countries are introduced to developing countries because they assumed it is the part of development theories that succeed in the developed countries. Meanwhile, most of the developing countries have their ways doing things and find it difficult to change. In addition economic growth does not compensate for the depletion of damage caused to the environment from which peoples livelihoods, health and future development depend (Thirlwal, 2003). This therefore means that economic development include economic growths, even distribution of incomes, enhanced standard of livings and increased productivity. Another aspect of development worth noting is definition of scope of development by different entities over time. Some choose to define it narrowly as was the case in colonial days, while others such as dependence theorists and most of the people centred and sustainable development approaches have a broader conceptualisation of development (Leys, 1996), (Pieterse, 2001), (Nyamu-Musembi and Cornwall, 2004).   They all see development from different angle and perspective but they all pointing to one direction that economic development is something that must be pursue and achieved. This is more so of current rights based approaches and in particular the United Nations Millennium Development Goals which articulate development as a set of entitlements which people have the right to demand realisation of from their governments and the international community (Nyamu-Musembi and Cornwall, 2004), (OHCHR, 1986). It is the duty of every government to ensure economic development and ensure it is supported with productivity and adequate resources. Due to this broader meaning, development is no longer confined to prescriptions from donors, special interest groups, elected representatives or technocrats. It includes everything required for human well being (Nayyar, 2003), (Sen, 1999) . Development ensures freedom to all citizens and empowered them towards contributing meaningfully to the success of their state.

Eastern Orthodox Christianity And Roman Catholic Christianity Religion Essay

Eastern Orthodox Christianity And Roman Catholic Christianity Religion Essay Until 1054 AD Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism were branches of the same body the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. This date marks an important moment in the history of all Christian denominations. It designates the very first major division in Christianity and the beginning of denominations. Disagreement between these two branches of Christendom had long existed, but the gap between the Roman and Eastern churches increased throughout the first millennium. In 1054 AD, a formal split occurred when Pope Leo IX, leader of the Roman branch, excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius. He was the leader of the Eastern branch. Michael Cerularius, in return, condemned the Pope in mutual excommunication. Two primary disputes at the time were Romes claim to a universal papal supremacy and the adding of the filioque to the Nicene Creed. To the present date, the Eastern and Western churches remain divided and separate. However, in 1965, Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras agreed to formally remove the mutual excommunication of 1054. Religious Differences 3 The Difference between Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Roman Catholic Christianity The Pope The main difference between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christianity has to do with the recognition of the Pope. Roman Catholics recognize the Pope as infallible. The Pope has supreme authority over all churches, and he can usurp the power of a lower ranking church leader, such as a priest, bishop, or cardinal (OConner, 1997). The Eastern Orthodox also has various bishops with one being the highest bishop, called the first among equals, but the Eastern Orthodox Church does not believe the highest ranking bishop, or archbishop, to be infallible, nor do they grant him with supreme authority over all churches (Collins Price, 1999). Purgatory Another main difference is in the teaching of Purgatory. According to Roman Catholic theology, those souls destined for heaven must endure a state of purification. They must be cleansed of sins committed on earth. The rest go to hell for eternal punishment. Also from a form of merits or extra grace accumulated by the virtue of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints, indulgencies may be granted. The grace is applied to those in purgatory in order to shorten their time there (OConner, 1997). Eastern Orthodoxy teaches that after the soul leaves the body, it journeys to the abode of the dead (Hades). The soul will remain in this condition of waiting. Because some have a prevision of the glory to come and others a foretaste of their suffering, the state of waiting is called Particular Judgment. When Christ returns, the soul rejoins its risen body to be judged by Him, and the good and faithful servant will inherit life. The unfaithful will spend eternity in hell. Their sins and their unbelief will torture them as fire (Chadwick, 1995). Religious Differences 4 Doctrinal Development In reference to Doctrine, in order to justify new doctrine, Roman Catholicism developed the theory of Doctrinal Development. Roman Catholicism presents this theology as growing in stages to higher and more clearly defined levels of knowledge. It teaches the idea that Christ gave us an original deposit of faith, and a seed which grows and matures over the centuries. They believe that tradition is just as important as the Bible (OConner, 1997). Eastern Orthodoxy does not endorse the view that the teachings of Christ have changed from time to time. They believe that Christianity has remained unaltered from the moment that the Lord delivered the Faith to the Apostles (Mat.28:18-20). Eastern Orthodox of the twenty first century believes precisely what was believed in the first century. Nicene Creed A major disagreement between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism centers around the adding of the filioque to the Nicene Creed. This particular conflict is also known as the Filioque Controversy. In Latin, this word means and from the Son. It had been inserted into the Nicene Creed, changing the phrase pertaining to the origin of the Holy Spirit from who proceeds from the Father to who proceeds from the Father and the Son (Collins Price, 1997, p. 27). Roman Catholicism made this change on the authority of the Pope. Eastern Orthodoxy believed this spurned the Apostolic Tradition which always taught that God the Father is the single Source of the Son and the Spirit (Collins Price, 1997). Conclusion There are many other differences between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. There are differences in how faith is taught, the essence of God, the work of Christ, the Holy Canons, the mysteries, the nature of man, and the Virgin Mary. One more would be the icons of Orthodox worship, and the statues of Catholic worship. It should also be noted that while there are many differences between Eastern Orthodoxy Religious Differences 5 and Roman Catholicism, there are also many similarities between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism that should be studied as well. Religious Differences 6

Free Othello Essay: The Disintegration of Othello -- Othello essays

The Disintegration of Othello Shakespeare's Othello is a play with unique characters. One such character is the one for which Shakespeare names his play. In the play, Othello disintegrates from a confident leader to a homicidal murderer. Linguistic changes throughout the play attest to this theory. In the opening scenes, Shakespeare portrays Othello as a noble character. When Brabantio seeks vengeance (for "stealing" his daughter) on Othello, Othello expresses his actions will "tongue out his [Brabantio's] complaints" (1.2.21). Thus he shows his calmness against the verbal slander of Brabantio. Throughout this scene, Othello remains calm and confident. Moreover, he humbly tells the story of his relationship with Desdemona. He does not flaunt the situation over Brabantio but speaks modestly. In the next act, Othello maintains his calm demeanor. He speaks poetically of seeing his "fair warrior" Desdemona (2.1.210). Later in the scene, Cassio fails at his military duties. Even though this deeply hurts Othello, he keeps his calm. He lovin...

Peer To Peer Piracy :: File Sharing Network MP3

Peer To Peer Piracy Everyone loves good tunes, and that’s okay. In this media heavy society, everyone has a favorite type of music, or a favorite artist. However, expanding one’s horizons in music beyond mainstream was terribly expensive, until Napster. Napster, Shawn Fanning’s brainchild, was a revolution. People began trading music over the internet through peer to peer file sharing, and next thing you know, everyone could have thousands and thousands of songs. Napster had shown a society a method for getting what they wanted, for free. It was only a matter of time until users started trading a lot more than just music; movies, software, and games were all in demand. Napster was formulated off of a simple concept of sharing music, but it turned out to be revolutionary by becoming a catalyst to a much larger peer to peer pirating system. Napster helped computer literate users share music through a system of indexing. When a user logged on, the user’s computer would send data with which mp3s, or songs, were in their predestinated â€Å"shared folder† to the index computer. The index computer would then tell that user where other files were stored over the network, on other user’s computers. With this system, a user could download an entire album of Jimi Hendrix from another user either two states away, or two doors down. Since Napster only dealt in mp3 files, it was targeted by the music companies, who sued until it Shawn had to take down the Central Index Server. It was replaced though, by networks like Gnutella which use a referral system. When one computer comes onto the Gnutella network, it finds another computer on the network, and introduces itself. Then, like a spreading rumor, the word gets around the network. The computer that just learned tells 8 others about the new one, then those 8 tell 7 more about the new one, and so on. This way, each client has a larger number of other clients who know it is online and what content it has available (Wikipedia). However, without a main server to regulate, users could distribute whatever they wanted. Software piracy was very prominent. Any user could punch in the search terms â€Å"AutoCAD† and download a thousand dollar program for free.

Of Mice And Men: A Critical Look At Curley?s Wife :: essays research papers

‘Of Mice and Men’, a novel by John Steinbeck, tells a story of friendship, loneliness and aspirations. Two itinerants named George and Lennie go to work on a farm as labourers in a place named Soledad. The story then ends when George takes Lennie’s life. Almost everyone on the farm is lonely and the person that represents this the most is Curley’s (the boss’s son) wife, one of the most pivotal characters in the book. When Lennie and George arrive on the farm and are shown their quarters Curley’s wife, on one of her ‘looking for Curley’ routines, sees them both and immediately starts flirting with them. George gets angry when Lennie takes a shine to her and tell him to stay away and calls her a ‘bitch’ and a ‘rat-trap’ This view is also held by many of the workers on the farm. Curley instantly takes a dislike to Lennie when he firsts meets him just because he his much considerably larger that himself. Thi s attitude towards Lennie results in him getting into a fight with him but he loses when Lennie crushes his hand with his own fist. Curley’s wife knows Lennie did this even though Curly was told to say he had caught his hand in a machine. Curley’s wife pursuit of company leads her to seek solace with Lennie. She pours out her pent up frustration of her unrealised dreams and ambitions. When she realises Lennie isn’t taking much interest she lets him feel her hair. Lennie being Lennie strokes harder and harder even though Curley’s wife begs him to stop. As she struggled to get out of his grasp he accidentally broke her neck. Lennie then ran off to his hiding place where he was told to go if he ever did a ‘bad thing.’ When Curley discovers his wife’s body he runs after Lennie with a mob including George. This leads to George pulling a trigger on Lennie. I feel Curley’s wife is the most despairing and lonely character in the book. She has no friends, no future, no respect; she doesn’t even deserve a name. I really feel sorry for her, all she wants is someone to talk to, to converse with but in her mind the only way she can do this is by flaunting herself to the men just to get noticed. This leads her to be perceived as a ‘floosy’ by the men.

Literary elements in the bluest eye Essay

In 1970, Toni Morrison published an intense novel, The Bluest Eye, to show the world the effects that internal racism had on African American families during the 1940s. The novel begins during the month of autumn, a time of confusion, contempt, and corruption in the life of the young narrator, Claudia. In the course of this portion of the story, Morrison eloquently portrays the potential effectiveness of literature through her master use of literary elements. Setting, mood, tone, and imagery are among the most prominent elements used to convey the harshness of the character’s lives in this rather contentious plot. During the course of autumn, Morrison takes the reader through the numerous settings in the lives of the novel’s characters, including the McTeer home, the Breedlove Apartment, and the whorehouse directly above the apartment. All of which are located in Lorain, Ohio. The McTeer house, home to Mr. and Mrs. McTeer, Claudia, Frieda, and, for some time, Pecola, is conveyed to be a somewhat adequate living space for the family; however, it is by no means comfortable. Claudia describes the space as being old, cold, green, peopled by roaches and mice; yet, this dwelling was a white man’s mansion compared to the retched condition of the Breedlove apartment. Hidden in the frame of an abandoned store, resided the equally abandoned bodies of Pecola, Pauline, and Cholly Breedlove. The building was a mirror of the very lives of its occupants; both were virtually invisible to the outside world, bland in adornment, and scarred by the effects of their pasts. Seemingly out of place, directly above the Breedlove apartment lies the livelier home of the neighborhood whores, China, Poland, and Mrs. Marie. This location was Pecola’s escape, the one place she could forget her life in the apartment and enjoy the companionship of people who cared about her. The settings of the characters as described in the beginning of Morrison’s novel are essential to understanding their fundamental nature as human beings. In addition to the severe descriptions of her novel’s setting, Morrison reveals the character’s innermost beings with an evident mood of embitterment within the first portion of, The Bluest Eye. It is a mood most powerfully conveyed through Pecola’s utter contempt toward the white race. It first made apparent to the reader when Pecola arrives to the McTeer home and drinks milk from the Shirley Temple cup. Drinking all three quarts of the family’s supply of milk, Pecola cannot seem to get enough of to drink. Or, is it that she continues to drink the white goodness in hopes of changing her chocolate skin into the beautiful fair complexion of the young child star featured on the cup? Claudia reveals her resentment toward little Temple when she sneeringly drifts into jealous thoughts about the golden-locked girl dancing with her dearest Bojangles. The reader encounters this same attitude in Claudia as she dismembers a toy doll in an effort to figure out what the blue-eyed beauty attained that made it so loveable. During autumn, Morrison portrays a corrupting mood of pure bitterness toward the white population through the attitudes of the novel’s characters. Along with a revelation of the characters’ dispositions through the setting and mood of her novel, Toni Morrison enables the reader to gain a better grasp on the true meaning of her work by the colloquial and cynical tone of the plot. Morrison often uses vernacular that is common to the characters in the novel, so that the reader can relate to the novel’s situations on a more personal level, which gives the story an idiomatic tone. The novel reflects a cynical tone by the way that the characters, most especially the Breedloves, adopt the world’s opinion of their inherent ugliness onto themselves. When Pecola looks at herself in the mirror, she can see her dark deep-set eyes and bushy eyebrows; yet, she fails to notice her high cheekbones and voluptuous lips. Marked by this cynical assumption, the characters lives are eternally condemned to carry the burdens of a self-imposed conjecture. Morrison gives the plot a colloquial and cynical tone, with the intention of conveying the true essence of the novel. Imagery is another enlightening literary device implemented by Morrison. Claudia’s puking incident in the opening of the novel is the first crude picture the reader is given of the realities of the McTeer’s lives. Though it is quite the gruesome portrait, Morrison successfully gets the message of the family’s harsh situation across early in the novel. Imagery can also be found in the repetitive descriptions of the blonde haired, blue-eyed white population. Morrison’s exaggerated reflections of Pecola’s appearance shows the reader that the characters were so consumed with their lack of self-worth that they are blinded from the truth. The use of imagery in the novel shows the extent to which the African American race suffers with internal racism during the course of autumn. The Bluest Eye draws a horrific, yet realistic picture of the mark that internal racism left on America in the 1940s. Morrison effectively portrays this portrait by the use of various literary elements. The most frequently and prominently used in her novel are setting, mood, tone, and imagery.

Ocean Manufacturing Inc

Identify two facts from the case that you found particularly interesting (this can be anything- it doesn't have to be directly accounting-related! ). The first situation that I found interesting is that Most of the ratios of Ocean Manufacturing are lower than the industry. So as auditors should figure out the reason behind this. The second situation is that the auditor turnover high. In twelve years they had three auditors.It is a major problem as why ocean manufacturing hanged it auditors rapidly at such short period of time. As an auditor I should look into the matter more closely. 2. If applicable, what Professional Standards were violated in this case? Cite either CASE standards or Rules of Professional Conduct. You may want to research the standards in your text, Handbook, or online. N/A 3. Assume you are working as an auditor in public accounting. Name one lesson tattoo could learn from this case. Ocean Manufacturing executives are very aggressive.If they are taken as a client I would be careful. They tried to manipulate their yearned accruals to meet requirement of Creditors. As they are planning to offer PIP they might want to do it again. As an auditor I learnt that I should take account of past behaviors and future intension when I am auditing a client. 4. As we all know, hindsight is 20/20. For cases where the client committed fraud, are there any â€Å"red flags† the auditor overlooked that might have allowed them to uncover the fraud sooner?